The Concept of Prophethood in Islamic Creed: A Theological and Epistemological Analysis

Abstract

This paper examines the concept of Prophethood (al-Nubuwwah) within the framework of classical Islamic creed (al-ʿAqīdah), focusing on the theological rationale for divine guidance being delivered through selected Prophets rather than through universal direct revelation. The study employs transmitted evidence from the Qurʾān and Sunnah (al-dalāʾil al-naqliyyah), alongside rational reflection (al-dalāʾil al-ʿaqliyyah) grounded in the principles of Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Within this framework, Prophethood is understood as a divinely instituted rank characterized by essential qualities such as trustworthiness (amānah), wisdom (ḥikmah), perseverance, and infallibility (ʿiṣmah), which ensure the reliable transmission of revelation (waḥy). The paper further emphasizes that it is not a humanly acquired station (kasb), but a purely divine bestowal (wahb) grounded in divine wisdom and selection. In addition, the study engages selected Enlightenment critiques of revelation, particularly those associated with David Hume and Immanuel Kant. These critiques are then revisited through the lens of contemporary Islamic metaphysics, especially the work of Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas. It argues that Islamic theology offers a coherent epistemological structure that preserves both the rational credibility and moral authority of Prophethood.