مصنوعی ذہانت کے استعمال کی حدود و قیود: معاصر علماء کے اجتہادات کا جائزہ

Limits and Regulations on the Use of Artificial Intelligence: A Review of Contemporary Scholarly Ijtihād

الملخص

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as one of the most transformative technological developments of the contemporary age, significantly influencing education, healthcare, economics, governance, media, and religious discourse. Its rapid expansion has generated complex ethical and juridical questions within Islamic intellectual traditions, compelling contemporary Muslim scholars and juristic institutions to reassess classical legal principles in light of unprecedented technological realities. This study critically examines the limits and regulations of AI usage through the lens of contemporary Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) and modern scholarly ijtihād. The research explores the diverse juristic trends concerning permissibility, conditional permissibility, and prohibition of certain AI applications while situating these discussions within the broader framework of Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah, ethical governance, and human accountability. The paper argues that the dominant scholarly position does not reject artificial intelligence in its essence; rather, it considers AI a permissible technological instrument whose ruling is determined by its objectives, consequences, and modes of application. Contemporary jurists emphasize that AI can serve legitimate human interests in education, medicine, research, administration, and da‘wah, provided that it remains subject to ethical oversight, legal accountability, and human supervision. At the same time, scholars strongly oppose AI applications associated with deception, deepfake manipulation, intellectual theft, privacy violations, immoral content production, autonomous warfare, and unauthorized religious verdicts.  The study further analyzes the positions of contemporary fatwa institutions and international fiqh academies, including the International Islamic Fiqh Academy (IIFA), Dār al-Iftā’ bodies, and modern Islamic research centers. Particular attention is given to debates surrounding AI-generated fatwas, Qur’anic interpretation, and the preservation of human scholarly authority in religious sciences. The research demonstrates that contemporary Islamic discourse increasingly advocates a “Human-AI Collaborative Model” in which AI functions as an assistive tool while ultimate moral and juridical judgment remains exclusively human. By integrating classical juridical principles such as al-Aṣl fī al-Ashyā’ al-Ibāḥah, Sadd al-Dharā’i‘, Maṣlaḥah, and Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah with modern technological ethics, the study presents a balanced analytical framework for understanding AI within Islamic thought. It concludes that the future of Islamic legal engagement with AI depends upon interdisciplinary cooperation between jurists, ethicists, policymakers, and technology experts to ensure that technological advancement remains aligned with justice, human dignity, and the higher objectives of Sharī‘ah.