Adoption of AI-Powered Learning Tools in Pakistani Universities: A TAM (Technology Acceptance Model)-Based Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58932/MULA0055Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Higher Education, Prospects, Challenges, Semi-Structured Interviews, TAM-Technology Acceptance ModelAbstract
This qualitative research investigates the opportunities and challenges faced by educators in implementing AI technologies in higher education. Using a questionnaire guide, the interviews were conducted with thirty instructors across various disciplines. The study explores the potential of utilizing different forms of AI, such as adaptive learning systems, automated assessments, and AI-based instruction, to enhance existing teaching methods, improve student performance, and provide personalized learning opportunities. Participants highlighted the transformative benefits of AI technology, noting that it alleviates the paperwork burden in education, thereby allowing teachers to teach and students to learn. The theoretical framework for presenting the results is the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which explains the extent to which educators are willing to embrace technological changes within their belief systems. These changes raise ethical concerns regarding privacy, discrepancies in educational equity, and the risk of dehumanizing education. This line of research is enriched by the anonymized survey data and qualitative findings, which strongly advocate for a multi-stakeholder approach to recognizing and addressing ethical and practical challenges. Additionally, this research emphasizes the need for fair policies and practices concerning artificial intelligence applications. Therefore, the study offers original insights into the acceptability of AI in terms of its prospects and limitations within the context of Pakistani higher education.
References
Afzaal, M., Nouri, J., Zia, A., Papapetrou, P., Fors, U., Wu, Y., ... & Weegar, R. (2021). Explainable AI for data-driven feedback and intelligent action recommendations to support students self-regulation. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 4, 723447.
AlAjmi, Q., AlRoshdi, Y., & Rostaq, A. (2025, August). Impact of Perceived Ease of Use and Usefulness, with Trust and Individual Impact as Mediators on AI Adoption Intentions among IT Students. In Advances on Intelligent Computing and Data Science II: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Advanced Computing and Informatics (ICACIN 2024), Volume 1 (Vol. 254, p. 173). Springer Nature.
Alam, M. K., Afzal, S., & Basit, A. (2024). Effectiveness of the Use of the Internet as Supplementary Tool for Academic Learning: A Case Study of University Students. Journal of Social Sciences and Media Studies, 8(1), 79-89.
Alam, M. K., Afzal, S., & Basit, A. (2024). Effectiveness of the Use of the Internet as Supplementary Tool for Academic Learning: A Case Study of University Students. Journal of Social Sciences and Media Studies, 8(1), 79-89.
Anwar, H. M. N., & Basit, A. (2023). Online Teaching, University Teachers and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploration of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Global Educational Studies Review, 8(1), 61-74.
Auld, T., Moore, A. W., & Gull, S. F. (2007). Bayesian neural networks for internet traffic classification. IEEE Transactions on neural networks, 18(1), 223-239.
Ahmad, S., Qamar, A. J., Bhatti, M. A. A., & Bashir, U. (2023). Integrating Islamic Ethics with Modern Governance: A Comprehensive Framework for Accountability Across Religious, Social, and Economic Dimensions. Al-Irfan, 8(15), 51-79.
Aziz, F., Malik, G. M., Shamim-ur-Rasool, S., Khan, N., Alam, M. K., Afzal, S., & Scholar, M. P. (2024). Impact of Online Learning vs Traditional Mode of Learning on University Student's Educational Performance in Pakistan. Remittances Review, 9(2), 870-881.
Akbar, A., Ahmad, S., Nadim, M., Bhatti, M. A. A., & Khan, H. (2024). Affect of Hrm on Employee Motivation Towards Green Creativity and Initiatives. Center for Management Science Research, 2(3), 197-216.
Anjum, G., & Bhatti, M. A. A. Discover the Impact of Internet Usage on the Academic Performance of Library and Information Science Students. Indonesian Journal of Multidiciplinary Research, 4(2), 377-388.
Ahmad, S., Bhatti, M. A. A., & Imam, M. A. (2023). Balancing Control and Collaboration: Project Manager Accountability in Multi-Layered Governance Systems. Journal of Professional Research in Social Sciences, 10(2), 134-155.
Akbar, A., Ahmad, S., Ali, M., Fayyaz, M. T., Ali, I., & Bhatti, M. A. A. (2024). Employee Development and Training: How HRM Helps in Staying Competitive in the Changing Market Condition. Al-Qanṭara.
Bhatti, M. A. A., & Nazir, M. U. (2024). The Impact of Project Process Management on Sustainable Project Success in the Construction Sector: The Moderating Role of Risk Management Practices. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 13(2), 1065-1072.
Božić, V., & Poola, I. (2023). Chat GPT and education. Preprint, 10.
Bunderson, C. V., & Inouye, D. K. (2013). The evolution of computer-aided educational delivery systems. In Instructional technology (pp. 283-318). Routledge.
Bhatti, M. B. A., & Durrani, M. K. (2024). The effect of project managers’ competencies on project success with mediating role of project stakeholders’ engagement: A case of IT sector. Journal of Management Info, 11(1), 51-73.
Chughtai, M. A., Bhatti, M. B. A., & Naqvi, I. H. Ethics before Trust in Organization Public Relationships (OPRs): A Review of Real Estate Organizations.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 319-340.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Technology acceptance model: TAM. Al-Suqri, MN, Al-Aufi, AS: Information Seeking Behavior and Technology Adoption, 205(219), 5.
Fletcher, G., & Griffiths, M. (2022). Ethical considerations in AI-driven higher education. AI & Society, 37(1), 89-102.
Gillani, N., Eynon, R., Chiabaut, C., & Finkel, K. (2023). Unpacking the “Black Box” of AI in education. Educational Technology & Society, 26(1), 99-111.
Hill-Yardin, E. L., Hutchinson, M. R., Laycock, R., & Spencer, S. J. (2023). A Chat (GPT) about the future of scientific publishing. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 110, 152-154.
Iqbal, A. M. (2003). Evaluation of computer aided instruction: Assessing the value and effectiveness of operational systems. University of London, University College London (United Kingdom).
Jawad, S., Naveed, H., & Akram, M. B. (2020). Academic Performance of Enrolled Students in the University of Lahore, Pakistan. Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2(2), 357-365.
Bhatti, M. B. A., & Khan, M. K. (2024). Implications of Project Managers’ Competencies on Project Success Moderating effect of Project Risk Management: A case of IT Sector in Lahore. Pakistan Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 5(1), 66-85.
Bashir, U., Saeed, S., & Abbas, S. K. (2020). Strategies for New Product Development in an Emerging Market. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(4), 393-397.
Ghaffar, M. A., Shair, W., Afzal, H., ul Hassan, R., & Bashir, U. (2024). Income and Income Aspiration: Exploring the Impact on Life and Financial Satisfaction. Journal of Economic Impact, 6(3), 257-263.
Kohnke, S., & Zaugg, T. (2025). Artificial intelligence: an untapped opportunity for equity and access in STEM education. Education Sciences, 15(1), 68.
Kurzweil, R., Richter, R., Kurzweil, R., & Schneider, M. L. (1990). The age of intelligent machines (Vol. 579). Massachusetts: MIT press Cambridge.
Leask, M., & Younie, S. (2024). Teaching and learning with technologies in the primary school. Routledge.
Leony, D., Muñoz-Merino, P. J., Pardo, A., & Kloos, C. D. (2013). Provision of awareness of learners’ emotions through visualizations in a computer interaction-based environment. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(13), 5093-5100.
Lopes, J. M., Silva, L. F., & Massano-Cardoso, I. (2024). AI meets the shopper: Psychosocial factors in ease of use and their effect on e-commerce purchase intention. Behavioral Sciences, 14(7), 616.
Nasir, T., Siraj, S. A., Hannan, F. Z. U., Hussain, W., & Javed, S. (2024). A perception of university students regarding the influence of social media on the academic performance. Journal of Peace, Development and Communication, 8(03), 431-450.
Pokrivčáková, S. (2019). Preparing teachers for the application of AI-powered technologies in foreign language education. Journal of language and cultural education.
Rafaqat, M. ., Azad, F. ., Ahmad, S. ., Aijaz, K. ., Ikram, S. H. ., Bashir, U. ., Bhatti, M. A. A. ., & Saeed, S. . (2024). Impact of Governance and Strategy Performance on Employer Branding. Research Journal for Societal Issues, 6(2), 852–867.
Shair, W., Bano, S., Afzal, H., ul Hassan, R., & Bashir, U. (2024). Well-Being Dimensions and Environmental Protection: The Role of Health, Life Satisfaction, and Financial Satisfaction. Policy Journal of Social Science Review, 2(4), 783-802.
Tariq, M. U. (2024). AI-powered language translation for multilingual classrooms. Integrating generative AI in education to achieve sustainable development goals (pp. 29-46). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
Teo, T. (2011). Technology acceptance research in education. In Technology acceptance in education (pp. 1-5). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Venkatesh, V., & Bala, H. (2008). Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions. Decision sciences, 39(2), 273-315.
Visnudharshana, R., & Kishore, H. S. (2024). AI-driven language enhancement strategies for libraries: Empowering information access and user experience in an English language context. In Improving library systems with AI: Applications, approaches, and bibliometric insights (pp. 244-253). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
Xing, H. (2022, December). Application Study of AI-powered Non-translatable Function in Computer-aided Translation. In Proceedings of the 2022 5th International Conference on Education Technology Management (pp. 104-109).
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education–where are the educators?. International journal of educational technology in higher education, 16(1), 1-27.
