South Asian Journal of Religion and Philosophy (SAJRP)

Ideas of Renunciation Found in Buddhist Manual and A Sufi Text

Dr. Diana Cousens — 2024-06-30

Significant parallels in approaches to spiritual life can be found through a close reading of the 11th century CE Persian Sufi text, the Kashf al-Mahjub by the Ghazni-born al-Hujwiri, and the third century CE Mula Sarvastivadin Rules for a Novice Monk, based on the Buddhist code of monastic discipline, the Vinaya. While the injunctions and rules are presented very differently both emphasise a spirit of renunciation. Buddhist monastics follow a very clear set of rules which are documented and are binding, whereas Al-Hujwiri describes characteristics of a spiritual path using an oral tradition and anecdotes. However, in both traditions we find small communities of followers living with teachers, observing codes of discipline, wearing an identifiable robe, travelling with limited possessions and undertaking different kinds of austerities such as fasting. While there are significant differences in theology between Sufism and Buddhism, there is common ground in their attitude to renunciation.

Bridging Divides: Religious Teachings and Social Inclusion in Pakistan’s Multifaith Society

Dr. Sajjad Ahmad — 2024-06-30

This article examines the role of religious teachings in fostering social inclusion within Pakistan's diverse multi-faith society. Given the country's rich tapestry of Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Buddhism, achieving social cohesion presents significant challenges due to the interplay of religious doctrines, social norms, and economic interests. The study begins with an exploration of the Quranic perspective on social inclusion and then further investigates how different religious communities in Pakistan, including Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, and Buddhists, interpret and implement the teachings of their faiths to promote inclusivity. However, persistent challenges such as religious fundamentalism, economic incentives for exclusivity, and entrenched social norms continue to hinder these efforts. This article identifies these barriers and explores potential solutions, including educational reforms, interfaith dialogue, and policy changes, to enhance social integration. By proposing actionable strategies and emphasizing the shared values among Pakistan's religious communities, this study aims to provide a pathway toward greater harmony and unity. The findings underscore the importance of leveraging religious teachings as a powerful tool for bridging societal divides and fostering a more inclusive and peaceful society.

Arabs and the Qur’an In the Context of A Non-Lıterate Socıety

Faruk Tuncer — 2024-06-30

Despite the revelation of the Qur’an in the 7th century AD in the Hijaz region, the condition of literary practices still carries some uncertainties. New studies are needed, and detailed investigations are required. Although it is known that writing began in Mecca with the onset of the revelation of the Qur’an, records related to this early phase of the Meccan period are quite limited and scarce compared to records from the Madina period. The main reason for this is closely related to the fact that the Meccans of the 6^th century were a “non-literate society” and the inadequacy of information in Islamic sources in this regard. With the increase in modern anthropological and archaeological data, there is a need to analyze and reinterpret existing data. In this article, we attempt to present such a perspective by emphasizing the need to interpret existing data with a new approach.

The Politics of Fear: Reflections on the Relationship of Inner and Outer Freedom in Pakistan

Mechthild Geyer — 2024-06-30

This article sheds light on the relationship between inner and outer freedom in a rather repressive social system. In the search for individual agency, it contrasts theories of European liberalism - as impressively described by Michel Foucault - with the collective organisation of South Asian societies. With the aforementioned as well as Hannah Arendt and bell hooks, the question of the meaning and purpose of political action is raised. The subject as the origin and goal of political action is located differently in the opposing social systems described here. Nevertheless, the retreat of the political subject into the private sphere opens up the possibility of subverting the public relations of subordination and oppression, as Chantal Mouffe and Ernesto Laclau impressively demonstrated in Hegemony and socialist strategy: towards a radical democratic politics.

The Evolution of Saudi Strategic Culture - Towards a More Moderate Islam

Muhammad Bilal Iftikhar Khan — 2024-06-30

Saudi Arabia's strategic importance stems from its exceptional geographical position, abundant natural resources, and vital involvement in international trade. Saudi Arabia is a key player in international politics, trade, and security because of its location at the intersection of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Its varied topography which includes deserts, mountains, and coastal regions contributes to its strategic significance by presenting business prospects in industries like mining, tourism, and agriculture.

Saudi Arabia has the largest proven oil reserves in the world, which gives it significant clout in the global oil market and affects energy costs and stability. Through programs like Vision 2030, the country is also broadening its economic base, concentrating on industries like tourism, technology, and renewable energy. Additionally, its advantageous location along important shipping lanes strengthens its significance in global trade.

This study explores how Saudi Arabia's foreign policy and strategic culture have changed over time, especially under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman's (MBS) leadership from 2015 to 2023. By employing a comprehensive methodology that encompasses culture, history, geography, trade, and natural resources, the objective is to examine how the initiatives of MBS have influenced Saudi Arabia's strategic Culture.